Larvicidal Potential of Charantagenin D Isolated from Cyperus rotundus (Poales: Cyperaceae) against Vector Mosquito Species
Mosquito-borne diseases remain a global health threat, necessitating the development of ecofriendly alternatives to chemical insecticides. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of Cyperus rotundus L. extracts and the isolated compound Charantagenin D against Aedes aegypti L., Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Four solvent extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, methanolic ethyl acetate, and aqueous) were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 ppm. The n-hexane extract exhibited the highest efficacy, causing 100% mortality in fourth instar larvae of all three mosquito species at 40 ppm. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among extracts and mosquito species (P < 0.001), with Ae. aegypti showing the highest susceptibility. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-hexane extract yielded nine fractions, of which Fraction 8 showed strong larvicidal activity. Spectroscopic analysis identified Charantagenin D, a triterpene glycoside, as the active constituent. Charantagenin D achieved 100% mortality at 40 ppm and exhibited a median lethal concentration of 16.179 ppm and a 90% lethal concentration of 31.065 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus, with comparable effects on the other two species. These findings highlight the potential of Charantagenin D as a botanical larvicide and support the use of plant-derived compounds in sustainable mosquito control strategies.
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