Sleep Disturbances Among Adult Patients with Mood Disorders: A Saudi Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract: Background: Mood disorders (MDs) rank among the most common psychiatric illnesses and frequently co-occur with sleep disturbances that worsen prognosis, impair functioning, and reduce quality of life. This study examines sleep disturbances in patients with MDs at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia (King Khalid University Hospital) and aims to identify the factors correlated with sleep disturbances. Methods: Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling with 306 participants. The assessment tool included a questionnaire developed by the research team to capture sociodemographic, psychiatric, medical, and sleep-related information, as well as the Arabic versions of the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES). Results: Nearly one-third (31.1%) of the participants reported a diagnosed sleep disorder, with insomnia being the most common (80.0%). Univariate analysis revealed that higher SHI scores were significantly associated with younger age (P = 0.024), single marital status (P = 0.002), and smoking (P = 0.006). In the multivariable model, only smoking remained significantly associated with higher SHI scores. Regarding the GSES, unemployment and chronic diseases were linked to higher scores in univariate analysis (P = 0.048 and P = 0.001, respectively). The multivariate analysis indicated that younger age and chronic diseases were significantly associated with higher GSES scores (P = 0.021 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Sleep disturbances occur at high rates among patients with MDs and are associated with behavioral, psychosocial, and medical factors. Targeted interventions addressing smoking, chronic-disease management, and age-specific vulnerabilities may improve sleep quality and overall outcomes.
Keywords: bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorders, quality of life, sleep
Citation: Almadani AH, Alghamdi AH, Alsalman FS, Alghanim AJ, Hashim RT, Binbakhit AI, Alkulyah AA, Almutairi RM, Alfarhan LA, Muhnna AK, Aldakhilallah MM, Aljaffer MA. Sleep Disturbances Among Adult Patients with Mood Disorders: A Saudi Cross-Sectional Study. Nat Sci Sleep. 2026;18:576765
https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S576765
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