531 حين علم وظائف الأعضاء المتقدم 2(1+1) ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY

The importance of metabolic activities controls in living organisms. Molecular, biological, neural, hormonal, and homeostatic controlling mechanisms in living organisms. Co-ordination of body functions: interaction of cardiovascular functions, control of respiration, renal regulation of extracellular volume and osmolality, regulation of K+, Ca2+, and H+ concentration, regulation of gastrointestinal processes, regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance, and regulation of reproductive processes.