The therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica leaves ethanolic extract against detrimental effects of Aeromonas veronii infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Antibacterial activity · Aeromonas veronii · Azadirachta indica · Immune/antioxidant
Bacterial pathogens cause high fish mortalities and in turn economic losses in fish farms. Innovative strategies should be applied to control bacterial infections instead of antibiotics to avoid the resistance problem. Consequently, the present investigation studied the curative potential of Azadirachta indica leave ethanolic extract (AILEE) on Aeromonas veronii infection in Oreochromis niloticus. A preliminary trial was assessed to evaluate the curative dose of AILEE which was found to be 2.5 mg/L. One hundred and sixty fish were divided into equal four groups in four replications, where group 1 and group 2 were non-challenged and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively.Group 3 and group 4 were challenged with A. veronii and treated with 0- and 2.5-mg/L AILEE, respectively for 10 days. A. veronii infection produced severe clinical manifestations and a high mortality rate in the infected fish. Furthermore, the infected fish exhibited a significant rise in the hepatorenal indices (aspartate
aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatinine),
the oxidant biomarker (malondialdehyde),
and the stress indicators (glucose and cortisol). A significant
reduction in the protein profile and antioxidant/
immune parameters (catalase, immunoglobulin M,
lysozyme, nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity) was
observed in the infected fish. Water application of the
infected group to 2.5-mg/L AILEE notably ameliorated
the hepatorenal indices, the oxidant biomarker, and the
stress indicators. Furthermore, AILEE improved the
antioxidant/immune indices. Water application of 2.5-
mg/L AILEE could be useful against A. veronii infection
in O. niloticus culture.
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