Molecular Mechanisms of Phthalate-Induced Hepatic Injury and Amelioration by Plant-Based Principles
Phthalates are the emerging environmental toxicants derived from phthalic acid and its constituents, which are moderately present in plastics and many personal care products. Phthalate exposure occurs through various environmental factors, including air, water, and soil, with absorption facilitated via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Upon exposure, phthalates become bioavailable within the biological systems and undergo biotransformation and detoxification processes in the liver. The physicochemical properties of phthalates indicate their lipophilicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation potential, influencing their absorption, distribution, and hepatic biotransformation. The prolonged exposure to phthalates adversely influences the biological redox system by altering the levels of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, molecular signaling pathways, and causing hepatic pathogenesis. The strategies to combat phthalate-induced toxicity include avoiding exposure to these compounds and using plant-based bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, which possess therapeutic potential as antioxidants, sup press inflammatory cascades, prevent oxidative damage, and stabilize cellular integrity. This review presents a comprehensive and updated account of the chemical, biochemical, immunological, and toxicological properties of phthalates, along with novel plant-based AcademicEditor: ZeguangHan Received: 12December2024 Revised: 24December2024 Accepted: 26December2024 Published: 2 January2025 Citation: Singh,L.K.; Pandey, R.; Siddiqi, N.J.; Sharma, B. Molecular MechanismsofPhthalate-Induced Hepatic Injury and Ameliorationby Plant-Based Principles. Toxics 2025, 13, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ toxics13010032 Copyright: ©2025bytheauthors. Licensee MDPI,Basel,Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the termsand conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). therapeutic strategies to mitigate the phthalate-induced adverse effects on living systems.
Phthalates are the emerging environmental toxicants derived from phthalic acid and its constituents, which are moderately present in plastics and many personal care products. Phthalate exposure…
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