Protective effect of eugenol on hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in male rats
Background: Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals. The prolonged exposure of it can lead to severe
alterations and damage in different tissues including blood, liver, kidney and brain. Eugenol, a phenolic compound, is present in various aromatic plants. It acts as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The
aim of this study was to investigate whether the treatment of eugenol is beneficial against the hepatic oxidative
stress and inflammation induced by Cd.
Methods: To study the effect of eugenol in reversal of Cd toxicity, 24 albino rats were equally divided into four
different groups: G1 Control (saline), G2 Eugenol (3 mg kg− 1
), G3 CdCl2 (5 mg kg− 1
) and G4 CdCl2 + Eugenol (5
mg kg− 1 + 3 mg kg− 1
). All the groups were treated with gavage orally for the period of 21 days. After this
treatment period, rats were sacrificed and liver tissues were removed. The hepatic antioxidant status was
evaluated by measuring the activities of SOD, Catalase and GST enzymes. The reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl oxidation (PCO) and thiol contents were measured in hepatic tissues. The activities of
liver marker enzymes such as ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, TP, albumin, Bilirubin content and LDH were determined to
assess the hepatic damage in different groups. Cd induced hepatic inflammation was determined by evaluating
the levels of TNF-a, IL-6 and NO.
Results: Oral intoxication of Cd for 21 days significantly elevated the level of hepatic markers including activities
of LDH, GGT, ALP, ALT, AST and Bilirubin level. The albumin content, reduced GSH level, and activities of
antioxidant enzymes were significantly reduced in Cd treated group. The levels of inflammatory markers were
significantly elevated in Cd treated group. The eugenol treatment was very effective and it significantly reversed
the Cd induced biochemical alterations almost similar to that of control.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the eugenol possessed very strong anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory potential. The co-treatment of eugenol with Cd exhibited protective potential of eugenol against
Cd induced toxicity. Eugenol was able to improve the cellular redox system in rats treated with Cd.
