Half-Sandwich p-Cymene Ruthenium (II) Complexes of N/S-Donor Imine Ligands: Promising Chemotherapeutic Agent Against HCT116 Colon Cancer Cells
Two half-sandwich (η6-p-cymene) ruthenium compounds, Ru-CH₃L and Ru-HL, have been prepared via metal–ligand coordination with ligands CH₃L and HL, respectively. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The coordination of the ligand to Ru (II) via phenolic-O and imine-N atoms was proved by the single X-ray structure of CH₃L, HL, and Ru-CH₃L. Moreover, the interactions of Ru-CH3L and Ru-HL with HSA were also examined. Ru-CH3L and Ru-HL bind to HSA with moderate affinity and static binding mode. The cytotoxicity of the compounds against HCT116, Caco-2, MCF-7, and HUVECs was evaluated by the MTT test. Ru-CH₃L showed potent activity against HCT116 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 18 μM. We have conducted comprehensive in vitro testing of Ru-CH₃L against HCT116 cells. Treatment with Ru-CH3L in HCT116 cells led to cell shrinkage, cell separation, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and activation of caspase-3/7, culminating in cell apoptosis. Moreover, cell death and G2/M cell cycle arrest were observed.
Two half-sandwich (η6-p-cymene) ruthenium compounds, Ru-CH₃L and Ru-HL, have been prepared via metal–ligand coordination with ligands CH₃L…
Bacterial diseases pose a significant threat to the entire aquaculture system, both in cold and warm-water environments. The Himalayan region has been widely utilised for trout farming.
Background
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici, are well-characterized probiotics, known…