Artemisia pallens-Mediated Manganese Nanoparticles: Apoptotic Effects on Human Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells and Their Antibiofilm Properties
In recent times, green-synthesized nanoparticles have been widely used in the biomedical field due to their low toxicity, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, an enhanced therapeutic potential. This study investigated the anticancer, antibacterial, and antibiofilm properties of green-synthesized manganese dioxide nanoparticles derived from Artemisia pallens (AP-MnNPs). The AP-MnNPs were characterized through various techniques, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR. These nanoparticles effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines A431, A549, and MCF7, with the highest inhibition observed in A431 cells (IC50 = 25 μg/mL). In A431 cells, AP-MnNPs induced ROS generation, mitochondrial disruption, arrested cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase, DNA breakage, and programmed cell death. AP-MnNPs also modulated apoptotic markers by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase 3) and decreasing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thereby disrupting cell proliferation via suppression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, AP-MnNPs demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and their mixed cultures. Collectively, AP-MnNPs exhibit promising potential as anticancer agents that impede cancer cell growth and modulate proliferation-related signaling proteins, as well as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.
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