Chlorogenic Acid Functionalized Tin Oxide-Sodium Alginate Hybrid Nanomaterials Induce Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells

Journal Article

2025

Background: Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel research area to address the several problems associated with existing cancer treatments. Objectives: The present work was focused on synthesizing and characterizing the tin oxide-sodium alginate-chlorogenic acid hybrid nanomaterials (SnO2-SA-CA HNMs) for enhanced anticancer effects against breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Materials and Methods: The synthesized SnO2-SA-CA HNMs were characterized using several methods, including UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The MTT assay was done to assess the cytotoxicity of SnO2-SA-CA HNMs against MDA-MB-231 cells. The apoptotic cell death was analyzed by the dual staining assay. The oxidative stress parameter levels were analyzed using corresponding assay kits. Results: The results of the different characterization studies are confirmed the formation of metallic SnO2-SA-CA HNMs with an average size of 93 nm. The SnO2-SA-CA HNMs have a crystalline nature, clustered morphology and cuboidal structures. The existence of various functional groups and elements in the HNMs was also confirmed by the FT-IR and DLS analyses, respectively. The SnO2-SA-CA HNMs have demonstrated a substantial effect on inhibiting the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. The dual staining result also proved the onset of apoptotic cell death in the HNMs-treated cells. The HNMs treatment effectively decreased the antioxidant level, thereby promoting oxidative stress. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that SnO2-SA-CA HNMs exhibit potential as a potential therapeutic candidate to treat breast cancer.