Basic and Applied Aspects of Biopesticides
Al-Khalifa, Mohammed Iqbal Siddiqui and Mohammed S. . 2014
Application of biopesticides is a globally rising phenomena on yearly
basis, and the use of traditional insecticides is on the decline. North
America uses the largest percentage of the biopesticide market share at
44 %, followed by the Europe with 20 %, each South and Latin American
countries with 10 %, and about 6 % in Asia and India. However biopesticide
growth is projected at 10 % annually; it is highly variable among the
regions constrained by factors such as regulatory hurdles, public and
political attitudes, and limitations for market expansion. Microbial
biopesticides have been registered globally for 35 years, but the number
of registrations for commercial restricted industry and domestic uses has
significantly increased over the past 10 years.
The early Canadian biopesticides registered by pest control category
were Bacillus thuringiensis in 1972 as the first bioinsecticide,
Agrobacterium radiobacter in 1989 as the first biobacteriocide,
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sp. malvae in 1992 as the first bioherbicide,
and Streptomyces griseoviridis in 1999 as the first biofungicide. Between
1972 and 2008, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency approved registration
of 24 microbially active substances with 83 formulations. The majority
of the registrations (55/83) occurred since 2000, and at the beginning of
2008, there were 10 new products (a combination of new active substances,
strains, formulations, and uses) under regulatory evaluation. This chapter
examines the evolution of microbial biopesticides illustrating how the
actions of the government, the people, and the industry have led to changes
in legislation, policy, and programming that spurred momentum for new
microbial pest control products in recent years and created a model safe
system for future microbial biopesticide discovery, development, and implementation
that could be adopted throughout the world. Pheromones present
new environmentally safe strategies used for insect control. Pheromones
follow the process of mating disruption through chemical communication
Black ant (Samsum), Pachycodyla sennarrensis, stings and injects venom and inflicts allergy (a rare clinical problem) due to its local and systemic reaction, which is considered as a health hazard…