Chem. 109 اساسيات الكيمياء العضوية

Chapter 1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

This chapter covers the origin of carbon compounds and the development of organic chemistry, along with atomic structure, electron configuration, and molecular orbitals. It also includes chemical bonding, hybridization, molecular geometry, resonance, and electron delocalization.

Chapter 2 Structure and Classification of Organic Compounds

This chapter presents the structure and classification of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds, along with types of isomerism and their stability. It also

explains the structure and classification of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, amines, and nitriles.

Chapter 3 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

This chapter explains the nomenclature of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds, using both IUPAC and common systems. It also covers the nomenclature of functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, amines, and nitriles.

Chapter 4 Physical Properties and Intermolecular Forces

This chapter explains the physical properties of organic compounds such as boiling points, solubility, and acidity in relation to molecular structure and intermolecular forces. It also covers the physical properties of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, and amines, including their polarity and basicity.

 

Chapter 5 Organic Reactions

This chapter explains the major classes of organic reactions, including acid–base, radical, elimination, electrophilic addition, aromatic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation–reduction, and

functional group transformations. It highlights reaction mechanisms, reactivity patterns, and key examples across hydrocarbons, aromatic systems, and oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds.

Chapter 6 Biomolecules and Their Biological Relevance

This chapter covers the structure, reactions, and biological importance of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains their classifications, functional roles, and key biochemical processes such as metabolism, synthesis, and energy storage.