APA Formatting and Style Guide
APA Style Guide Quick Reference
What is an APA Style
APA style is a widely accepted style of documentation, particularly in the social
sciences social. When teachers ask you to write in "APA style," they do not mean
writing style, they are referring to the editorial style that many of the social and
behavioral sciences have adopted to present written material in the field.
APA style specifies the names and order of headings, formatting, the organization of
citations and references, the arrangement of tables, figures, footnotes, and
appendices, as well as other manuscript and documentation features.
The following is a quick summary guide lines on how to format your research paper,
however, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
must be followed for headings and subheadings, tables, figures, block quotations, in-
text citations, and references. You may find a copy of the Publication Manual in
your school library or even a local bookstore.
This quick reference should not be used as a style guide; it is only a reference tool
to be used in conjunction with the most recent version of the APA style guide.
For a complete example y: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-RD4.pdf
Formatting the paper
General Format
- Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with
1" margins on all sides and keep it there throughout the entire manuscript.
- You should use 12 Times New Roman font or a similar font (In other words, there
should be 10 typed characters per inch).
- Include a page header in the upper right-hand of every page. To create a page
header, type the first 2-3 words of the title of the paper, insert five spaces, then give
the page number.
- Use normal paragraphs in which the first line is indented five characters for all
paragraphs in the manuscript except the abstract, block quotes, titles and headings,
subheadings, references, table titles, notes, and figure captions.
- Capitalize the first letter following a colon if the clause following the colon is a
complete sentence.
- Make sure the text is left aligned and not justified. With left aligned text, the left
margin forms a straight line and the right margin is ragged. With justified text both the
left and right margins form a straight line.
- Do not hyphenate (split) words at the end of a line.
- Finally, just staple or clip the finished product (do not bother with fancy folders, etc.).
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections:
Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.
Title Page
- The APA manual does not provide guidelines for preparing the title page of a college paper, but most instructors will want you to include one.
- Your title page should already include the page header (described above). On the
first line of the title page flush-left, add a running head. Begin the running head with
the words “Running Head” followed by a colon. Then give an abbreviated title of your
paper in 50 characters or less in all caps (Remember that the page header will
appear on every page of your paper), whereas the running head will only appear on
your title page.
- In the upper half of the title page, type your full title, your byline (name[s]), and
affiliation (university, etc.) centered on separate lines. Your title may take up one or
two lines as in the example below:
Example : http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Title.pdf
PAGE NUMBERS AND RUNNING HEAD
- The title page is numbered as page i; the abstract page, if there is one, is numbered
as page ii.
- Use arabic numerals, beginning with 1, for the rest of the paper. In the upper right-
hand corner of each page, type a short version of your title, followed by five spaces
and the page number.
- Number all pages, including the title page.
MARGINS, LINE SPACING, AND PARAGRAPH INDENTS
- Use margins of one inch on all sides of the page.
- Left-align the text.
- Double-space throughout the paper, but single-space footnotes.
- Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch (or five spaces).
ABSTRACT
- If your instructor requires one, include an abstract immediately after the title page.
- Center the word Abstract one inch from the top of the page; double-space the
abstract as you do the body of your paper.
- An abstract is a 100-to-120-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick
overview of your essay.
- It should express your main idea and your key points; it might also briefly suggest any
implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.
For an example:
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Abs.pdf
HEADINGS
- Although headings are not always necessary, their use is encouraged in the social
sciences.
- For most undergraduate papers, one level of heading will usually be sufficient.
In APA style, major headings are centered.
- Capitalize the first word of the heading, along with all words except articles, short
prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions.
Guidelines are provided bellow for up to 5 levels of headings/subheadings, identified
as follows:
1- CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (Level 5)
2- Centered with Uppercase and Lowercase Typing- Heading (Level 1)
3- Centered, Italicized, Title Case* Heading (Level 2)
4- Flush Left, Italicized, Title Case* Heading (Level 3)
5- Indented, italicized, lowercase (paragraph) heading, ending in a period.(Level 4)
These headings are sometimes referred to as paragraph or run-in headings. Although
they end with a period (or other punctuation) they need not be complete sentences or
grammatically correct.
For example:
- If your document has only 1 (level of) heading, use Level 1.
- If your document has 2 (levels of) headings, use Level 1 (first) and Level 3 (next).
- 3 headings, use Level 1 (first), Level 3 (next), and Level 4 (last).
- 4 headings, use Levels 1 – 4 in that order.
- 5 headings, use Level 5 (first), and then Levels 1 – 4 (see example above).
Note: Probably three levels of headings (presented up) will suffice for most college .
Notice: the double-spacing within the headings. Bold and other font variants [color, fancy fonts, etc.] are neither required nor appropriate.
VISUALS
- Classifies visuals as tables and figures (figures include graphs, charts, drawings, and
photographs).
- The use of tables and figures is too complicated to treat within this document;
students should consult the APA Publication Manual. Generally, however, it is useful
to label each and every table and figure with the word Table or Figure and an arabic
numeral identifying it. Titles should be underlined. The text accompanying tables and
figures must be double-spaced.
- The APA suggests that all tables and figures appear at the end of the paper, each on
a separate page. Some schools and colleges, however, require these elements to
appear within the body of the paper.
- A great deal may depend on the capabilities of the word-processing machine you are
using. Consult with your instructor before deciding where to place tables and figures.
Keep visuals as simple as possible.
- Label each table with an arabic numeral (Table 1, Table 2, and so on) and provide a
clear title.
- The label and title should appear on separate lines above the table, flush left and
single-spaced. Below the table, give its source in a note.
- If any data in the table require an explanatory footnote, use a superscript lowercase
letter in the body of the table and in a footnote following the source note.
- Single-space source notes and footnotes and do not indent the first line of each note.
For an example:
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Table-RD4.pdf
- For each figure, place a label and a caption below the figure, flush left and single-
spaced.
- They need not appear on separate lines.
- In the text of your paper, discuss the most significant features of each visual.
- Place the visual as close as possible to the sentences that relate to it unless your
instructor prefers it in an appendix.
Figures
Figures include all types of illustrations (i.e., graphs, maps, charts, photographs,
drawings, etc.). A figure title/caption is simply titled “Figure” and appears flush left
below the figure, followed by an Arabic numeral and period, all in italics (see example
below).
The title/caption and/or legend (a concise explanation of symbols used in a figure)
appear after the figure label, flush left and double-spaced. For example:
Figure 1. Overall brain activity during the first 5 minutes of REM. Those suffering from
sleep deprivation show a significantly different pattern than the control group.
Tables
All tables should appear as close as possible to corresponding text. Type “Table”
above the corresponding table, flush left, followed by an Arabic numeral. A title/caption
should appear flush left on the next line, title cased*, italicized, and double-spaced.
For example:
Table 1
Imaginary Table Title for Imaginary Data
LONG QUOTATIONS AND FOOTNOTES
- When a quotation is longer than forty words, set it off from the text by indenting it one
half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin. Double-space the quotation.
- Quotation marks are not needed when a quotation has been set off from the text.
For an example:
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Quot.pdf
- If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the
date of publication in parentheses.
Example:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
- Place each footnote, if any, at the bottom of the page on which the text reference
occurs.
- Double space between the last line of text on the page and the footnote.
- Indent the first line of the footnote one-half inch (or five spaces).
- Begin the note with the superscript arabic numeral that corresponds to the number in
the text. You must give page numbers for direct quotes. For example:
Smith (1978) noted that "the world is round" (p. 1).
- Three or four quotes in a 10 page paper is about the upper limit.
- Display a quotation of more than 40 words as free-standing block of text indented 5
spaces from the left margin (doubles spaced as usual).
- Omit the quotation marks and include the page number in parentheses after the last
period.
- If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the second and
any additional paragraphs 5 spaces.
For an example:
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Ftn.pdf
Citing In-Text:
The APA’s in-text citations provide at least the author’s last name and the date of
publication. For direct quotations and some paraphrases, a page number is given as
well.
NOTE:APA style requires the use of the past tense or the present perfect tense in
signal phrases introducing cited material: Smith (2005) reported, Smith (2005) has
argued.
Basic Rules for Formatting Citations in the Body of Your Paper:
1- Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names.
2 - If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are
four letters long or greater within the title of a source.
3 - When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word.
4 - After a colon or dash in a title, capitalize the first word.
5 - Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
documentaries, or albums.
6 - Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles,
articles from edited collections, television shows, and song titles.
7 - If a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference appears in
your text. Join the authors' names with the word and.
8 - If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all of the authors the first time you
refer to the work in your text. The next time you refer to the work, shorten the citation
to the last name of the first author plus the words et al. Join the authors' names with
the word and if you are referring to them in the text; join the authors' names with an
ampersand (&) if you are referring to them in a parenthetical citation.
9 - If a work has six authors (or more), cite only the last name of the first author plus
the words et al.
1. BASIC FORMAT FOR A CITATION:
Ordinarily, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last
name followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Put the page number
(preceded by “p.”) in parentheses after the quotation.
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many
health care providers still “remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the
health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5).
If the author is not named in the signal phrase, place the author’s name, the year, and
the page number in parentheses after the quotation: (Critser, 2003, p. 5).
NOTE: APA style requires the year of publication in an in-text citation. Do not include a
month, even if the source is listed by month and year.
2. BASIC FORMAT FOR A SUMMARY OR A PARAPHRASE:
Include the author’s last name and the year either in a signal phrase introducing the
material or in parentheses following it. A page number or another locator is not
required for a summary or a paraphrase, but include one if it would help readers find
the passage in a long work.
According to Carmona (2004), the cost of treating obesity is exceeded only by the cost
of treating illnesses from tobacco use (para. 9).
The cost of treating obesity is exceeded only by the cost of treating illnesses from
tobacco use (Carmona, 2004, para. 9).
3. A WORK WITH TWO AUTHORS:
Name both authors in the signal phrase or parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use “&” between the authors’ names; in the signal phrase, use “and.”
According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “Environmental factors may contribute as
much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity” (p. 104)".
"Obese children often engage in less physical activity (Sothern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104)".
4- A WORK WITH THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS:
Identify all authors in the signal phrase or parentheses the first time you cite the
source.
In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist con- cluded, “Sibutramine
must be carefully monitored in ado-lescents, as in adults, to control increases in [blood
pressure] and pulse rate” (p. 1811).
In subsequent citations, use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in either the
signal phrase or the parentheses.
As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “Until more extensive safety and efficacy data are
available, weight-loss medications should be used only on an experimental basis for
adolescents (p. 1811).
5. A WORK WITH SIX OR MORE AUTHORS:
Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or the parentheses.
McDuffie et al. (2002) tested 20 adolescents aged 12-16 over a three-month period
and found that orlistat, combined with behavioral therapy, produced an average weight
loss of 4.4 kg, or 9.7 pounds (p. 646).
6. UNKNOWN AUTHOR:
If the author is unknown, mention the work’s title in the signal phrase or give the first
word or two of the title in the parenthetical citation.
Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation marks; titles of books and reports
are italicized.
"Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle with the pressures of
television advertising that, on the one hand, encourages the consumption of junk food
and, on the other, celebrates thin celebrities (“Television,” 2002)".
NOTE:In the rare case when “Anonymous” is specified as the author, treat it as if it
were a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). In the list of references, also use the name
Anonymous as author.
7. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR:
If the author is a government agency or other organization, name the organization in
the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
Obesity puts children at risk for a number of medical complications, including type 2
diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and orthopedic problems (Henry J. Kaiser Family
Foundation, 2004, p. 1).
If the organization has a familiar abbreviation, you may include it in brackets the first
time you cite the source and use the abbreviation alone in later citations.
8- TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES:
When your parenthetical citation names two or more works, put them in the same
order that they appear in the reference list, separated by semicolons.
"Researchers have indicated that studies of pharmacological treatments for childhood
obesity are inconclusive (Berkowitz et al., 2003; McDuffie et al., 2003)".
9. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME:
To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if your reference list includes two
or more authors with the same last name.
Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . .
13. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR:
When your list of references includes more than one work by the same author in the
same year, use lowercase letters (“a,” “b,” and so on) with the year to order the
entries in the reference list. Use those same letters with the year in the in-text citation.
"Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about the role of counseling in
treating childhood obesity".
More Example:
1- Author Mentioned in Sentence
Cite only the publication date in parentheses, directly following the author’s name
wherever it appears in the sentence. To cite a particular part of a source, include a
comma and page number after the basic entry.
Paraphrase: Author, followed by the date in parentheses, continuing with the rest of
the sentence, and then ending the sentence with the page number in parentheses.
Example: Havid (1999) from Johns Hopkins University found that patient
contentment rose with doctor involvement (p. 5)
2- Another Option
Paraphrase: Author and date are mentioned in the sentence. This may occur when you don't mention the research the author has done but quote directly from her/him.
Example: In Havid's 1999 study, he found the rise of patient contentment
rose with more doctor involvement (p. 5).
3- Author Not Mentioned in Sentence
Cite author’s last name, followed by a comma and the publication date, all in
parentheses. To cite a particular part of a source, include a comma and page number
(s) after the basic entry. Direct quote from text: Author, date, and page number in parentheses all follow the quoted material.
Example:
It has been noted that "patient satisfaction increases with increased doctor-
patient interaction" (Havid, 1999, p. 5).
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time
learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,
1998, p. 199).
References General / Spacing
Begin your list of references on a new page at the end of the paper. Center the title
References about one inch from the top of the page. Double-space throughout.
For a sample click here:
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Ref-RD4.pdf
&
http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citapa.htm
No matter what you're citing, the basic format for an APA-style citation remains the
same:
1. Author(s) last name and first initial
2. Year of publication
3. Title and subtitle OR article title and source title
4. Place of publication
5. Publishing company
See: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Cit-APA-Article-RD4.pdf
INDENTING ENTRIES:
Type the first line of an entry flush left and indent any additional lines one-half inch (or
five spaces), as shown here
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Ref-RD4.pdf
ABETIZING THE LIST:
Alphabetize the reference list by the last names of the authors (or editors); when a
work has no author or editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title other than A, An,
or The.
If your list includes two or more works by the same author, arrange the entries by year, the earliest first.
If your list includes two or more works by the same author in the same year, arrange
them alphabetically by title. Add the letters “a,” “b,” and so on within the parentheses
after the year.
Use only the year for articles in journals: (2002a).
Use the full date for articles in magazines and newspapers in the reference list:
(2001a, July 7).
Use only the year in the in-text citation.
AUTHORS’ NAMES:
Invert all authors’ names and use initials instead of first names.
With two or more authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.
Separate the names with commas.
Include names for the first six authors; if there are additional authors, end the list with
“et al.” (Latin for “and others”).
TITLES OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES:
Italicize the titles and subtitles of books; capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle (and all proper nouns).
Capitalize names of periodicals as you would capitalize them normally.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR PAGE NUMBERS
Abbreviations for “page” and “pages” (“p.” and “pp.”) are used before page numbers of newspaper articles and articles in edited books but not before page numbers of articles appearing in magazines and scholarly journals
BREAKING A URL:
When a URL must be divided, break it after a double slash or before any other mark of
punctuation. Do not insert a hyphen, and do not add a period after a URL or a DOI.
For a sample list of references.
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-Ref.pdf
Each entry should have a hanging indent and be double-spaced; also double-space
between entries. Reference list/bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by
author last name.
Basic Rules
1- Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has
more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth
author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.
2- Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last names of the first author of
each work.
3- If you have more than one article by the same author(s), single-author references or
multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
Example:
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The
hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66,
1034-1048.
4- When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
Example:
Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational
Psychologist, 34, 15-28. Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on
adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.
5- References that have the same first author and different second and/or third
authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.
Example:
Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup, (Eds.), The company they keep:
Friendship in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 346-365). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
6- If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of
authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the
reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year.
Example:
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and
behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.
7- Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.
Example:
Smith, J.P., & Luna, A. J., Jr. (2002). A fun book: When you do not know how to format
your list of references (3rd ed.). City: Name of Publisher.
8- If no author is given for a particular source, begin with and alphabetize by using the
title of the work, which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortened
version of the title for parenthetical citations.
9- Personal communications, such as e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should not be cited in your reference list because they are not retrievable sources. You should make reference to these
sources in your in-text citations only.
10- All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
11- When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web
page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word
after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of
the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
12- Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
13- Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
14- Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as
journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Refrencing A Print Sources:
Books and Book Articles
Author’s last name, followed by a comma, the author’s initial(s), and a period; the year
of publication in parentheses, period; title in italics (capitalize first word only of both
the title and subtitle as well as proper nouns), followed by a period; publisher
information, which includes city, followed by a colon, and the publisher, followed by a
period. For example:
Example:
Smith, J.P., & Luna, A. J., Jr. (2002). A fun book: When you do not know how to format
your list of references (3rd ed.). City: Name of Publisher.
See: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Cit-APA-Book-RD4.pdf
Journal Articles
Author’s last name, followed by a comma, the author’s initial(s), and a period; the year
of publication in parentheses, period; article title (no quotes; capitalize first word of
title and subtitle only), period; Journal title in italics, comma; volume number, comma;
and page numbers, period.
Examples of Reference Page entries
- Articles or chapters in an edited book, two editors
Bjork, R.A. (1989) Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roedigger III & F.I.M Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Books
Beck, C.A.J. & Sales, B.D. (2001). Family meditation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Refrencing an Electronic Sources
These sources are slightly different; because many electronic sources do not provide
page numbers, you will want to cite either the paragraph number or the heading
information.
Cite the paragraph number after the year of publication and within the parenthesis.
Example:
As Myers (2000, 5) aptly phrased it, "positive emotions are both an end-better to live fulfilled, with joy [and other positive emotions]-and a means to a more caring and healthy society.
Cite the heading information after the date of publication and before the page number.
Example:
"The current system of managed care and the current approach to defining empirically supported treatments are shortsighted" (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, 1).
Example for Electronic References
Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2000). Dissociating automatic and
intentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. Journal of
Experimental Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-42. doi:10.1006/jecp.1999.2521
- Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date:
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/ Gvu/user_survey-1997-10 (Note that there are no periods at the end of an electronic citation.
- Daily newspaper article, electronic version:
Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com
- A section in a Web document
Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Retrieved from http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu /its/mobile_phone_text.htm
See: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Cit-APA-Web-RD4.pdf
- Message from an online discussion group:
Lewandowski, A (2000, March 9). Changing names and the effects on professional status for newly married women [MSG7]. Message posted to http://www.theknot.com/discussgroup/html.
NOTE: Email should be cited as a form of personal communication
Periodicals:
Herman, L.M., Kuczag, S.A., III, & Holder, M.D. (1993). Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 184-194.
See: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Cit-APA-Dbase-RD4.pdf
For more information
http://www.apastyle.org/
http://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/print/wholeworkshop.pdf
http://www.uwsp.edu/PSYCH/apa4b.htm#A1
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=citmed
|
