Bone-to-Implant Contact: Its Relationship to Factors That Affect Primary and Biologic Implant Stability
Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) is a critical component of achieving osseointegration. The term BIC is used to indicate the percentage of the implant that contacts bone. The dental literature addresses dental implant outcomes related to BIC with respect to primary implant and biologic stability, bone density, and other factors. The authors searched and assessed the literature to determine what investigators and other dental professionals know about BIC. Initially, or upon osseointegration, implants are unlikely to achieve 100% contact with their surrounding bone. A wide range of mean BIC percentages is observed with respect to different commercially inserted implants, with averages ranging from 54% to 87%. However, for individual implants, BIC ranges from 2.82% to 100%. Studies revealed higher BIC related to mandibular implants compared to maxillary fixtures and with respect to anterior versus posterior implants. Higher bone density is associated with better implant stability and a greater degree of BIC. Investigations concluded that rough implant surfaces provide better bone apposition and increased BIC than implants with smooth surfaces. Implant diameter and length have a negligible effect on the percentage of BIC. In contrast, implant microscopic features (eg, thread pitch) can affect the percentage of BIC. To date, it is unknown what minimum BIC is needed to achieve successful osseointegration
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