Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Risks: A Juxtaposition of Arab Adolescents and Adults
Chrousos., Nasser M Al-Daghri ,Yousef Al-Saleh, Naji Aljohani ,Majed Alokail , Omar Al-Attas ,Abdullah M Alnaami ,Shaun Sabico, Maha Alsulaimani , Mohammed Al-Harbi , Hanan Alfawaz , George P . 2015
he recent exponential surge in vitamin D research reflects the global epidemic of vitamin Ddeficiency and its potential impact on several chronic diseases in both children and adults.Several subpopulations, including Arab adolescent boys and girls, remain understudied.This study aims to fill this gap. A total of 2225 apparently healthy Saudi adolescents (1187boys and 1038 girls, aged 13-17 years old) and 830 adults (368 men and 462 women, aged18-50 years old) were respectively recruited from different public schools and medical prac-tices within Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Anthropometrics were taken and fasting blood sampleswithdrawn to examine serum glucose and lipid profile by routine analysis and 25-hydroxyvi-tamin D by ELISA. Almost half of the girls (47.0%) had vitamin D deficiency as compared toonly 19.4% of the boys (p<0.001), 36.8% of the adult women and 17.7% of the adult men(p<0.001). Furthermore, in boys there were more significant inverse associations betweenserum 25(OH)vitamin D levels and cardiometabolic indices than girls, while in contrastwomen had more significant associations than men. Vitamin D deficiency was significantlyassociated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) [OR 3.47 (CI1.26-5.55);p<0.05] and pre-DM [OR 2.47 (CI 1.48-4.12);p<0.01] in boys. Furthermore, vitamin D insufficiency was sig-nificantly associated with abdominal obesity in boys [OR 2.75 (CI 1.1-7.1);p<0.05]. Theseassociations for DMT2 and abdominal obesity were not observed in adult males, girls andadult women. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and hyperglycemia is high among Arabadolescents. Vitamin D deficiency is mostly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors inadolescent Arab boys. This indicates a sex- and age-related disadvantage for boys with low vitamin D status and challenges the extra-skeletal protection of vitamin D correction in ado-lescent females
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