Toxicological insight of metiram: immunooxidative, neuro-behavioral, and hematobiochemical changes during acute exposure of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Acute exposure, Aquatic toxicology, Behaviour, Blood picture, Oreochromis niloticus, Polyram DF
The lethal concentration (LC50) of MET estimated using Finney’s probit technique was 3.77 mg/L. The fish’s
behavior was severely impacted by acute MET exposure, as clear by an increase in surfacing, loss of equilibrium,
unusual swimming, laterality, abnormal movement, and a decline in aggressive behaviors. The survivability and
hematological indices (white and red blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, hematocrit value, and
hemoglobin) were significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner following MET exposure. Acute
exposure to MET (1.5–7.5 mg/L) incrementally increased stress biomarkers (nor-epinephrine, cortisol, and glucose),
lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde), and brain oxidative DNA damage biomarker (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine). A
hepato-renal dysfunction by MET exposure (4.5–7.5 mg/L) was evidenced by the significant increase in the alanine
and aspartate aminotransferases and creatinine values. Moreover, a substantial decline in the immune parameters
(lysozyme, complement 3, serum bactericidal activity, and antiprotease activity) and antioxidant variables (total
antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) resulted from acute MET exposure.
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