SIMPLE PRESENT

FORM

       (Verb) +  s / es     [ doesn’t / don’t +  verb ]         

       (be)     is not {isn’t}    /    are not {aren’t}    /     am not {no contraction}

He / She / It è verb + s/es            I è verb          They / We / You è verb

He / She / It è is                           I è am             They / We / You è are

VISUAL

REPRESENTATION

PRONUNCIATION

&

SPELLING RULES

/s/            /z/             /əz/

In Book

USAGE

*    Everyday activities and habits: I don’t drink coffee.

      *    Statements of facts: The sun rises every morning

      *    Opinions: I love the weather these days.

      *    Existing conditions (non-progressive verbs): I hear my sister’s voice now.

      *    Future scheduled events: The bus doesn’t leave at 8:00.

STATEMENTS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Sarah studies everyday.     The kids watch TV everyday.

Neg. (w/ a regular verb): Sarah doesn’t have a car.    The kids don’t study well.

Aff. (w/ be):  Sarah is happy.         I am tired.       They are smart.

Neg. (w/ be): Sarah isn’t happy.        I am not tired.         They aren’t smart.

YES / NO

QUESTIONS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Do you cook well?          Does she cook well?

Neg. (w/ a regular verb):  Don’t you cook well?          Doesn’t she cook well?

Aff. (w/ be):  Is Sarah happy?          Am I tired?          Are they smart?

Neg. (w/ be): Isn’t Sarah happy?   (no neg. ques. for “Am”)   Aren’t they smart?

INFORMATION

QUESTIONS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Why do you cook well?     Why does she cook well?

Neg. (w/ a regular verb):  Why don’t you cook well? Why doesn’t she cook well?

Aff. (w/ be):  When is Sarah happy?      Why am I tired?    Where are they smart?

Neg. (w/ be):Why isn’t Sarah happy? Why am I not tired? Why aren’t they well?

EXTRA INFORMATION

Midsentence adverbs come:

(1) before reg. verbs            (2) after “be”           (3) after the subject in a question

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

FORM

     is  /  are  /  am    +    verb   +  ing         [ isn’t / aren’t / am not  + verb + ing]

He / She / It è    is  verb + ing

I è    am   verb + ing 

They / We / You è   are   verb + ing

VISUAL

REPRESENTATION

SPELLING RULES

In Book

USAGE

*    Now: The student is listening to the lecture.

      *    Longer actions around now: I am writing an article this semester.

      *    Complaining with always: She is always making fun of people.

STATEMENTS

Affirmative: 

Sarah is studying right now.     The kids are watching TV.

Negative:

Sarah isn’t having lunch now.    The kids aren’t studying well.

YES / NO

QUESTIONS

Affirmative:  

Are you cooking Kabsa?          Is she cooking a lot of food?

Negative:

Aren’t you making lunch?      Isn’t she making coffee for the guests?

INFORMATION

QUESTIONS

Affirmative:

 Why am I teaching  you this lesson?     Why is she cooking 10 pots of kabsa?

Negative:

Why aren’t you helping me?              Why isn’t she helping her mother?

EXTRA INFORMATION

Midsentence adverbs come:

(1) between the helping verb and the main verb    (2) after the subject in a question

SIMPLE PAST

FORM

       (Verb) +  ed  /  Irregular        [ didn’t +  verb ]         

       (be)     was not {wasn’t}       /        were not {weren’t}  

He / She / It / I / They / We / You è verb +ed (Irregular)

He / She / It è was                        I è was           They / We / You è were

VISUAL

REPRESENTATION

PRONUNCIATION

&

SPELLING RULES

/d/            /t/             /əd/

In Book (Memorize the list of irregular simple past tense verbs)

USAGE

      *    Completed action in the past: I saw a movie yesterday.

      *    Past facts: She was a shy child.    He didn’t like tomatoes before.

      *    Habits in the past: He played  (used to play) the piano.

      *    When-Clauses happen first: When the teacher called my name, I answered.

STATEMENTS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Sarah studied yesterday.     The managers met yesterday.

Neg. (w/ a regular verb): Sarah didn’t have a car.    The kids didn’t eat well.

Aff. (w/ be):  Sarah was happy.      They were tired.

Neg. (w/ be): Sarah wasn’t happy.       They weren’t here.

YES / NO

QUESTIONS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Did you study well?          Did she study well?

Neg. (w/ a regular verb):  Didn’t you study well?          Didn’t she study well?

Aff. (w/ be):  Was Sarah happy?          Was I tired?          Were they here?

Neg. (w/ be): Wasn’t Sarah happy?       Weren’t they in school?

INFORMATION

QUESTIONS

Aff. (w/ a regular verb):   Why did you fail the exam?    

Neg. (w/ a regular verb):  Why didn’t you study well?

Aff. (w/ be):  When was Sarah here?      Where were they?

Neg. (w/ be):Why wasn’t Sarah happy?            Why weren’t they in class?

EXTRA INFORMATION

Midsentence adverbs come:

(1) before reg. verbs            (2) after “be”           (3) after the subject in a question

PAST PROGRESSIVE

FORM

was  /  were    +    verb   +  ing         [ wasn’t  /  weren’t  + verb + ing]

He / She / It è    was  verb + ing

I è    was   verb + ing 

They / We / You è   were   verb + ing

VISUAL

REPRESENTATION

SPELLING RULES

p.18

USAGE

* Interrupted Action in the Past I was watching TV when she called.

* Specific Time as an Interruption Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

* Two actions happening at the same time                                                                                                          Were you listening while he was talking?

* Describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past                                                                       When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions,

* While vs. When I was studying when she called.

                              While I was studying, she called.

STATEMENTS

Affirmative: 

Sarah was studying yesterday.     The kids were watching TV.

Negative:

Sarah wasn’t having lunch.    The kids weren’t studying well.

YES / NO

QUESTIONS

Affirmative:  

Were you cooking Kabsa?          Was she cooking a lot of food?

Negative:

Weren’t you making lunch?      Wasn’t she making coffee for the guests?

INFORMATION

QUESTIONS

Affirmative:

 Why was I teaching  you this lesson?     Why were they cooking kabsa?

Negative:

Why weren’t you helping me?              Why wasn’t she helping her mother?

EXTRA INFORMATION

Midsentence adverbs come:

(1) between the helping verb and the main verb    (2) after the subject in a question