http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/biology/AP_biology/
FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL: Max. = 9 points
__ Singer/Nicholson or "differs from" Davson/Danielli
__ Dynamic
__ Phospholipid Bilayer
__ Hydrophilic heads/hydrophobic tails and explanation
__ Polar/Nonpolar
__ Proteins - intrinsic/extrinsic
__ Permeases (active + passive)
__ Pores or apertures
__ Functional "R" Groups
__ Glycoproteins or carbohydrates (recognition)
__ Diagrams appropriately used with explanation
__ Selectivity
TRANSPORT Max = 9 points
PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
__ Definition of Diffusion
__ Osmosis
__ Size of molecule / polarity
__ Facilitated Diffusion
__ Function of pores
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
__ Definition
__ ATP
__ ATPase
__ Na+/K+ Pump
__ Substances diffuse in-need transport out
__ Carrier molecules and specificity
STRUCTURE, as part of the eukaryotic cell: DESCRIPTION:
(1/2 point each) (1 point each)
__ Cell Wall __ Cellulose
__ Cell Membrane __ Protein/phospholipid or
phospholipid bilayer
__ Cytoplasm __ Fluid with dissolved substances
__ Vacuole __ Protein/phospholipid or water
__ Mitochondria __ Cristae, folding convolutions
__ Ribosomes __ Two Subunits
__ Golgi Bodies __ Phospholipid/protein, cisternae, vesicles
__ Chloroplasts __ Stroma, grana, thylakoids
__ Lysosomes __ Phospholipid/protein membrane
or digestive enzyme
__ Nucleus __ Double nuclear membrane or
envelope
__ Nucleolus __ RNA present, fibrillar
__ Chromosome __ Double strand, DNA and Protein
__ Plasmodesmata __ Cytoplasmic bridge
__ Peroxisomes __ Membrane Bound
__ Flagella __ 9 + 2
__ Microtubules, microfilaments __ Tubulin protein/actin protein
MAX. = 4 points MAX. = 7 points
TOTAL MAXIMUM = 10 points
II. STRUCTURE COMPARISONS/DIFFERENCES of a
simple cell and a complex cell.
(2 points each pair / structure and comparison)
__ Cell Wall __ No cellulose; murein present
__ Cell Membrane __ No cholesterol
__ Membrane-bound organelles absent __ Name one organelle
__ OR AT LEAST 2: vacuole, mitochondria, __ Absent
nucleus, E.R., lysosome, peroxisome,
chloroplast
__ AT LEAST 2: microtubules, microfilaments, __ Absent
plasmodesmata
__ Ribosomes __ Smaller, few, free floating
__ Nuclear membrane __ Absent
__ Genetic material __ Single, no protein, circular,
plasmids
__ Flagella __ No 9 + 2
BONUS: Elaboration: evolution, size, two additional structures and comparisons for
each structure = one point each
MAXIMUM = 10 points in Section II.
PART I. DESCRIPTION OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS: Max. = 7 points
General
__ division of nucleus
__ daughter cells acquire the same number and kinds of chromosomes as
in the mother cell
__ process for growth or repair or asexual reproduction
__ list phases in correct order (P,M,A.T)
Prophase (one point each / max. 2)
__ centrioles move apart
__ chromosomes condense
__ nucleolus is no longer visible
__ nuclear envelope disappears
__ asters and spindle form
Metaphase
__ sister chromatids (chromosomes) are in a line at the midpoint of the spindle
Anaphase (one point each / max. 2)
__ centromeres uncouple (split)
__ chromosomes move to opposite poles
__ microtubules involved in the push/pull movement
Telophase (one point each / max. 2)
__ reverse of prophase
__ nuclear envelope reforms
__ nucleolus reappears
__ chromosomes become diffuse
__ spindle and aster disappear
__ centrioles are replicated
Points less frequently mentioned:
__ function of centrioles
__ definition of kinetochores
__ description of polar microtubules and kinetochore microtubules
__ definition of chromatids
*In order to obtain a score of 10, there must be points in all three sections.
If only two sections are written the maximum is 9.
PART II. CYTOKINESIS:
__ division of cytoplasm
__ formation of a cleavage furrow
__ occurrence of cytokinesis in the cell cycle
Points less frequently mentioned:
__ function of cytokinesis
__ dense belt of actin and myosin microfilaments
__ purse-string mechanism
__ furrow occurs at location of equatorial plane
__ cytochalasin blocks activity of microfilaments (stops cytokinesis)
PART III. OTHER PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE (INTERPHASE):
General
__ list G1, S, and G2 in correct order
__ G1, S, and G2 are part of interphase
__ chromosomes appear as a mass of chromatin material
G1
__ synthesis of cell organelles or cell doubles in size
__ restriction (decision) point or point of no return
S
__ synthesis or replication of DNA or DNA replication occurs during interphase
G2
__ synthesis of microtubular assembly, or prepare for mitosis
Points less frequently mentioned:
__ description of nucleosomes
__ times in each phase
__ growth factors
__ some cells do not go beyond G1
__ after cell passes "S", mitosis will usually continue
__ colchicine prevents the formation of microtubules
A. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP (1 point each)
___ 1. Experiment based on concentration gradient
___ 2. Experiment based on semipermeable membrane
(dialysis tubing, thistle tubes, plant or animal cells)
___ *3. Experimental set-up (design) adequate to produce measurable results
___ *4. (2 max) Experimental variables are eliminated
(mass, volume, time, temperature, tissue type, etc.)
___ *5. Experimental set-up is exemplary
(must include semipermeable membrane)
B. RESULTS ( 1 point each)
___ *1. Describes a measurable change
___ *2. Correctly correlates the observed changes with molarities of unknowns
C. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES TO RESULTS (1 point each)
___ *1. Correctly applies principles of diffusion and osmosis in the interpretation of
results
(a correct analysis)
___ 2. Demonstrates an understanding of the concept of water potential
(hydrostatic/turgor pressure) in analysis of results
D. PRINCIPLES (1 point each)
___ 1. Demonstrates an understanding, or gives a correct definition of diffusion
___ 2. Demonstrates an understanding, or gives a correct definition of osmosis
** (must include both water and semipermeable membrane)
___ 3. Demonstrates an understanding, or gives a correct definition of selective
permeability
___ 4. Describes how solute size and/or molar concentration (hypertonic/hypotonic) affect the process of diffusion through a membrane
_______________________
Max possible = 14
* No points if the lab will not work.
**Osmosis: the diffusion of water through a selectively (semi)permeable membrane in
the following directions:
-from higher water potential toward lower water potential
-from hypotonic (hypoosmotic) solution toward hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution
-from higher water concentration toward lower water concentration
-from lower solute concentration toward higher solute concentration
-from region of lower osmotic pressure toward regions of higher osmotic pressure
-from region of higher osmotic potential toward region of lower osmotic potential
PART A. (6 Maximum)
Membrane Structure (3 Internal Maximum)
__ Phospholipid structure - hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphipathic
__ Phospholipid bilayer / fluid mosaic description
__ Proteins embedded in the membrane
__ Sterols embedded in the membrane
__ Well-labeled diagram may replace one of the above
Membrane Transport (3 Internal Maximum)
__ Use of the term "selectively permeable" or a good definition of
selective permeability or an explanation of the role of phospholipids
or proteins including nuclear pore proteins in determining selective
permeability
__ Description of the effect of size, charge, polarity, lipid solubility on
membrane permeability
Mechanisms + description related to structure:
__ Passive transport: diffusion / osmosis + reference to membrane gradient
__ Ion channel: transport as a mechanism for a change in permeability
__ Facilitated diffusion: description (symport, antiport, uniport)
__ Active transport: description
__ Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis: description
(1 pt additional) A good example of one of the above mechanisms
PART B. Role of the Membrane in the Production of ATP in Photosynthesis or Respiration (6 Maximum)
Chemiosmosis:
__ Involved molecules are embedded in the membrane
__ Electron carriers are sequentially organized
__ The energy comes from the flow of electrons
__ H+ / Proton / pH gradient established
__ Movement through the membrane generates ATP
__ A specific protein makes ATP
(2 pts) Neuromuscular junction
Action potential of neuron –> neurotransmitter
Concept of neurotransmitter
(1 pt) Idea of a sarcomere as a functional unit
(1 pt) Actin and Myosin in a sarcomere – (well labeled diagram w/text)
(2 pts) Plasma membrane / sarcolemma (no point for name alone)
Receptor sites for neurotransmitters
Change in permeability / Na+ K+
Action potential distributed / depolarization
T-tubules (continuous with specialized E.R.)
(2 pts) Specialized E.R. – Sarcoplasmic reticulum (no point for name alone)
T-tubule (only if not given above)
Ca++ release / Calcium is involved with muscle contraction
Change in permeability – release of Ca++
Ca++ recaptured into S.R. – contraction ends / active transport
(5 pts) Cytoskeletal Elements
Actin and myosin (linked to muscle function)
microfilaments / myofibrils / myofibrils
Actin – thin fiber (protein structure)
Troponin (Ca++ interaction exposes active sites)
Tropomyosin (is therefore unblocked)
Myosin – thick fiber (protein structure)
'clubs' – bridges – paddles for interaction with actin / ATP binding site
ATPase site / hydrolysis of ATP
Sliding Filament Concept
Z line as a protein which separates sarcomeres (needs strong linkage)
ATP functions to release mysoin heads from actin sites
(2 pts) Mitochondria
ATP production – cellular respiration
Number of mitochondria is higher in muscle cells due to...
Proximity within muscle fiber
Chemiosmosis – elegant elaboration of ATP production
(2 pts) Other – Rarely Mentioned:
Fast twitch / slow twitch (1 pt)
Elaboration (1 pt)
(FT) – glycogen and anaerobic
(ST) – oxidation of glycogen via TCA and thus aerobic
All or nothing response
Switches to anaerobic respiration after oxygen consumed / Myoglobin
Muscles can only contract
Rigor mortis
(showing that ATP functions in release rather than contractive phase)
Muscle cell is a muscle fiber or muscle cell is multinucleate
Glycogen storage (mitochondria functions)
Creatine phosphate - PO4 replacement
(1 pt) Synoptic synchronization - exceptional chronology or spatial relationships
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/eoc00/biology.html
DIRECTIONS
Read each question and choose the best answer. Then mark the circle next to the letter for the answer you have chosen.
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| 1 |
The picture shows a student reading a graduated cylinder. Which change would help ensure that a more accurate measurement is made? |
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A |
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The student should be seated. |
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B |
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The cylinder should be held with two hands. |
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C |
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The student should be wearing insulated gloves. |
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D |
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The cylinder should be on a flat surface. | | |
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| 2 |
The graph shows the results of a restocking program in which shrimp raised on a shrimp farm are released into the wild. If this trend continues, about how many metric tons of shrimp will be released in 1999? |
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| 3 |
The chart shows the range of numbers of nucleotides among species of different groups of plants. Which of these groups has the largest range of nucleotide numbers among its species? |
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A |
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Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) |
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B |
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Lycopsida (club mosses) |
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C |
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Gymnospermae (cedars and pines) |
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D |
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Pteropsida (ferns) | | |
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| 4 |
After a patient has had hip replacement surgery, which person would most likely assist the patient in regaining muscle tone in the affected leg? |
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F |
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Surgical technologist |
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G |
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Genetic counselor |
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H |
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Diagnostic sonographer |
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J |
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Physical therapist | | |
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| 5 |
Which of these is required during aerobic respiration? |
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A |
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Boron |
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B |
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Oxygen |
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C |
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Iodine |
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D |
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Nitrogen | | |
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| 6 |
The process of cloning involves making an identical copy of a cell's -- |
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F |
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cytoplasm |
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G |
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DNA |
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H |
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ribosomes |
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J |
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ATP | | |
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Typical Diet of a Pallid Bat,
Antrozous pallidus
| Organism |
Percent of Diet |
| Moths |
50 |
| Flies |
25 |
| Cicadas |
12 |
| Centipedes |
8 |
| Scorpions |
5 | |
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| 7 |
The chart shows the types of invertebrates often consumed each night by a pallid bat. Which graph best represents these data? |
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| 8 |
The graph shows the growth of a Daphnia population in a 420-liter aquarium. According to these data, what was the approximate Daphnia population by the end of the second day? |
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Nutrition Information |
Cereal
(30g) |
Cereal with
Nonfat Milk
(118 mL) |
| Nutrient |
% Daily
Value* |
% Daily Value* |
| Calcium |
2 |
15 |
| Niacin |
2 |
10 |
| Protein |
6 |
15 |
| Carbohydrate |
12 |
13 |
| *Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. | |
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| 9 |
According to this label, which nutrient is obtained mainly from the cereal? |
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A |
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Calcium |
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B |
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Niacin |
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C |
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Protein |
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D |
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Carbohydrate | | |
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| 10 |
The biome with the greatest number of species would also have the greatest variation in -- |
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F |
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solar energy |
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G |
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habitats |
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H |
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annual rainfall |
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J |
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temperatures | | |
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| Thirty breeding pairs of rabbits were introduced onto an island with no natural predators and a good supply of water, shrubs, and grasses. | |
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| 11 |
Over the next few years, the rabbit population will probably -- |
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A |
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remain relatively constant due to equal birth and death rates |
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B |
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die out due to inbreeding |
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C |
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increase until the food supply runs low |
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D |
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decrease as the number of rabbit per litter decreases | | |
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| 12 |
Which piece of laboratory equipment is used for dissecting a flower's pistil? |
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Methanol
| Potential Health Hazards |
Potential Fire of Explosion Hazards |
- Poisonous: may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin
- Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
- Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
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- Flammable/combustible material: may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames
- Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.
- Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers
- Runoff to sewers may create fire or explosion hazard.
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| 13 |
The best safety precaution to use when working with methanol is to -- |
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A |
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wear protective ear devices |
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B |
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avoid contact with fumes |
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C |
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store it in a metal container |
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D |
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avoid using a CO2 extinguisher | |
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| 14 |
Dr. F. Agnes Stroud-Lee determines the origins of birth defects by studying chromosome abnormalities. Dr. Stroud-Lee’s research could involve all of these topics EXCEPT — |
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F |
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chemicals that alter the DNA arrangement |
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G |
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plants that show variable rates of photosynthesis |
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H |
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radiation that can pass through cytoplasm |
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J |
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mitosis that produces multiple copies of genetic material | | |
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| 15 |
The average length of these snail shells is -- |
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A |
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2.1 cm |
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B |
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2.3 cm |
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C |
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2.5 cm |
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D |
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2.7 cm | |
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| 16 |
The bulk of these short-grass prairie plants is underground. Then main benefit that these plants receive from this adaptation is -- |
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F |
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more surface area for the absorption of water |
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G |
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more resistance to insect-transmitted diseases |
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H |
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increased ability to maintain cooler leaf temperatures |
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J |
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improved ability to detect areas high in carbon dioxide | | |
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| 17 |
The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced this plant? |
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| 18 |
Which of these DECREASES as the number of fish in a small pond increases? |
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F |
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Competition for food |
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G |
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Levels of body wastes in the pond |
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H |
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Number of available nesting sites |
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J |
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Number of predators | | |
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| 19 |
According to this graph, during a chemical reaction enzymes -- |
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A |
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decrease the required time |
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B |
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raise the energy produced |
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C |
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lower the required activation energy |
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D |
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increase the initial-state energy | | |
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| 20 |
Which mRNA sequence complements the above section of DNA? |
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F |
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C U A G G A |
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G |
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T C G A A G |
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H |
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C T A G G C |
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J |
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A G C U U C | | |
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| 21 |
Bubonic plague is to fleas as Lyme disease is to -- |
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A |
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people |
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B |
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ticks |
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C |
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flies |
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D |
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deer | | |
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| 22 |
Which of these toads would compete the MOST with Woodhouse's toad for food and habitat? |
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| 23 |
Why does the white-tailed deer population drop when the carrying capacity is exceeded? |
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A |
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Resources are too low to support the population. |
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B |
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Weather changes reduce the deer population. |
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C |
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The height of edible plants exceeds the height of the deer. |
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D |
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Competition by other animals is greatly reduced. | | |
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A Study of Seed Germination
| Number of Trials |
Number of Seeds |
pH of Rainwater |
Average Germination (%) |
| 25 |
200 |
7.2 |
92 |
| 25 |
200 |
7.0 |
93 |
| 25 |
200 |
6.0 |
81 |
| 25 |
200 |
5.0 |
20 |
| 25 |
200 |
4.0 |
less than 5 | |
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| 24 |
Which of these graph axes would be best to use to analyze these data? |
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| 25 |
To save the wine industry of France, Louis Pasteur developed a process in which the wine was heated and cooled. This process still has a major effect in the United States because it helps -- |
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A |
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control pathogens in milk |
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B |
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distribute antibiotics to children |
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C |
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reduce fiber in orange juice |
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D |
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provide vitamins to the elderly | | |
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| Insect Order |
Traits |
| Orthoptera |
· Incomplete metamorphosis
· Two pairs of straight, membranous wings
· Biting and chewing mouthparts |
| Coleoptera |
· Complete metamorphosis
· One pair of hard wings, one pair of membranous wings
· Tough exoskeleton
· Biting and chewing mouthparts |
| Lepidoptera |
· Complete metamorphosis
· Two pairs of scale-covered wings
· Hairy exoskeleton
· Long, coiled tongue |
| Hymenoptera |
· Complete metamorphosis
· Two pairs of membranous wings
· Chewing or sucking mouthparts
· Many social species
· Tough exoskeleton | |
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| 26 |
Which trait is best used to distinguish between Coleoptera and Hymenoptera? |
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F |
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Style of metamorphosis |
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G |
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Type of wing structures |
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H |
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Kind of mouthparts |
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J |
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Presence of an exoskeleton | | |
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| 27 |
Which of these is most important for safety when heating a liquid in a test tube? |
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A |
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Have a fire extinguisher in the room |
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B |
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Heat the bottom of the test tube |
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C |
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Wear protective eyewear |
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D |
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Hold the test tube in the yellow part of the flame | | |
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| 28 |
Which of the following is a consumer-producer relationship? |
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F |
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Roadrunners eating snakes |
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G |
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Snakes eating toads |
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H |
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Toads eating grasshoppers |
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J |
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Grasshoppers eating grass | | |
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Fragments of
Four Strands of DNA
| Fragment |
Nucleotide Order |
| Q |
G |
T |
G |
G |
A |
T |
C |
T |
A |
| R |
G |
C |
G |
C |
A |
T |
C |
A |
T |
| S |
A |
C |
G |
T |
C |
A |
C |
C |
G |
| T |
C |
A |
G |
G |
C |
T |
G |
A |
A | |
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| 29 |
The shaded areas of the chart show the nucleotides that four fragments of DNA have in common. Which fragment is most different from the other three? |
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| 30 |
Hot plates are usually safer heat sources than gas burners are. However, hot plates sometimes develop short circuits and catch on fire. Which class of fire extinguisher should be used to put out a burning hot plate? |
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Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory | |
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| 31 |
The list shows the most important systems used when a horse takes a step. Which of these should also be included in the list above? |
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A |
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Endocrine |
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B |
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Reproductive |
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C |
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Digestive |
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D |
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Nervous | | |
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| 32 |
In 1871 Friedrich Miescher isolated DNA and RNA from cell nuclei. Which field of science most benefited from Miescher’s research? |
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F |
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Botany |
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G |
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Microbiology |
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H |
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Genetics |
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J |
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Zoology | | |
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Characteristics of Bacteria
| Common Name |
Description |
Appearance |
| Bacillus |
Rod shaped |
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| Coccus |
Spherical |
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| Spirillum |
Spiral |
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| Prefix to Common Name |
Meaning of Prefix |
Appearance |
| Diplo- |
Two |
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| Strepto- |
Chainlike strands |
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| Staphylo- |
Grapelike structures |
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| 33 |
Which bacteria could be classified as a streptobacillus? |
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| 34 |
The diagram shows some of the stages in cellular respiration. Which of the following gives the stages in the correct order? |
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F |
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Electron transport system, Krebs cycle, glycolysis |
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G |
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Glycolysis, electron transport system, Krebs cycle |
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H |
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Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport system |
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J |
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Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system | | |
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| 35 |
Organisms may be classified as consumers or producers. Which of these is classified as a producer? |
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A |
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An insect |
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B |
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A bird |
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C |
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A tree |
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D |
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A mouse | | |
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| 36 |
Which question can NOT be answered scientifically? |
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F |
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What is the sound frequency of a bird’s song? |
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G |
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How fast does a flower grow? |
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H |
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What is the heart rate of a shark? |
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J |
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Which cat has the most attractive coat? | | |
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| 37 |
Which of these would be best to use when transferring 0.01 mL of a solution to a test tube? |
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| 38 |
The HIV retrovirus causes a disease in people because it -- |
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F |
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produces an exotoxin |
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G |
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destroys white blood cells |
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H |
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stimulates the growth of immature cells |
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J |
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causes the loss of plasma nutrients | | |
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| 39 |
Which of these is NOT an inherited trait? |
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A |
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Eye color |
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B |
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Tendency to grow hair on fingers |
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C |
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Type of blood |
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D |
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Style of handwriting | | |
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| Number of Nesting Pairs in a Purple Martin Colony |
| Week |
Number of Nesting Pairs |
| 0 |
5 |
| 1 |
9 |
| 2 |
12 |
| 3 |
14 |
| 4 |
?? | |
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| 40 |
If this trend continues, how many nesting pairs of purple martins will there be in the colony by the end of the fourth week? |
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| 41 |
Turgor is the internal cytoplasmic pressure that results from the amount of water absorbed by plant cells. The picture shows a turgor pressure demonstration using stalks of celery in different salt solutions. Which of these shows the celery stalks in order from the one with the most turgor pressure to the one with the least turgor pressure? |
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A |
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Q, T, S, R |
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B |
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R, S, T, Q |
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C |
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S, R, T, Q |
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D |
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T, Q, R, S | | |
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| 42 |
In order to develop safe products, designers of scuba diving equipment must be aware of the needs of the circulatory system and the — |
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F |
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digestive system |
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G |
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respiratory system |
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H |
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lymphatic system |
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J |
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endocrine system | | |
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